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Finovate Blog
Tracking fintech, banking & financial services innovations since 1994
A partnership between Nutmeg and TrueLayer will bring the benefits of open banking to the U.K. wealth management business for the first time. The online investment platform announced that it will leverage TrueLayer’s financial APIs to enable its customers to make faster, more secure payments to their accounts online or from their mobile device.
“The payments industry is still dominated by card payments, but bank transfers are the best and fastest way to get money into a Nutmeg account and therefore into the market,” Nutmeg Chief Operating Officer Matt Gatrell said. Unfortunately, he explained, the lack of a quality user experience has made customer reluctant to use this option. “With this in mind,” Gatrell said, “Nutmeg has worked with TrueLayer to launch Open Banking payments for customers – reducing a lengthy user process to just a couple of taps.”
Courtesy of the new partnership, all users will need to do is login to their bank, and confirm the payment to their Nutmeg account to make additions to their investments. Nutmeg said this will enable investors to get their money into the market quicker, and boasts that it is the first wealth manager in the U.K. to offer this account funding option, which TrueLayer CEO and co-founder Francesco Simoneschi called “the killer use case for Open Banking.”
Simoneschi explained: “Simplifying and speeding up processes such as payments makes a tangible difference to consumers. It helps them to have much more control and choice with their finances. This is a fundamental goal of Open Banking and another step forward in its wider adoption.”
Nutmeg has bigger plans for leveraging Open Banking than just bank transfers. In a blog post at the company’s website, Nutmeg Product Manager Charlie Masters noted that open banking has helped incentivize the company’s integrations with companies like Yolt, Emma, and MoneyDashboard earlier this year. “We see these new financial products as a great opportunity to improve the customer experience,” Masters wrote.
Founded in 2011 and headquartered in London, U.K., Nutmeg has been a Finovate alum for more than eight years. With more than $153 million in funding raised, the company includes Goldman Sachs, Armada Investment AG, Convoy Global Holdings, Taipei Fubon Bank, and Pentech Ventures among its investors.
If deal-making is a sign of the health of an industry, then the fintech business – global public health crisis notwithstanding – may be doing better than some suspect.
The latest signs of hi-life from the nexus of finance and technology comes from the news released after hours on Tuesday that Enova International – an online financial services company that provides financing to non-prime borrowers and small businesses – has agreed to acquireOnDeck in a deal valued at $90 million.
“This strategic transaction, which brings together two FinTech leaders, is a great opportunity for customers, employees, and shareholders of both companies,” Enova CEO David Fisher said. “Together, our companies will be stronger because of the complementary strengths and synergies of our businesses.”
Fisher highlighted both OnDeck’s online SME lending business as well as its ODX bank platform as being able to increase Enova’s “scale and resources” and drive continued growth in the company’s portfolio. Enova has nearly seven million customers worldwide and has provided more than $20 billion in loans and financing since its inception in 2004.
Of the $90 million total deal value, $8 million will be paid in cash. OnDeck shareholders will get $0.12 per share in cash and 0.092 shares of Enova stock for each share of OnDeck they own. The deal is based on the implied price of OnDeck shares of $1.38, a 90.4% premium on its closing price of $0.73 per share on Monday, July 27. Enova’s Fisher will lead the combined company, with OnDeck CEO Noah Breslow assuming the role of Vice Chairman and taking a seat on the company’s management team.
Breslow expressed pride in the progress OnDeck has made since its founding in 2006, pointing to the $13+ billion in financing the company has provided small businesses over the past decade-and-a-half or so. He said the acquisition was “the right path forward for customers, employees, and shareholders” and posited that the combined entity would be an even more effective online lender and a more powerful ally to small businesses.
The acquisition has been approved by the boards of directors from both Enova and OnDeck, and is expected to close later this year.
When Bank Operating System creator nCinowent public earlier this month, we shared a feature on some of the other fintechs – Finovate alums all – that, like nCino, also hail from the state of North Carolina.
For those who may find North Carolina an atypical location for some of the country’s most innovative fintech companies, recall that many of these fintechs are benefitting from the proximity of the famous Research Triangle. This area of the state includes three universities – Duke University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, and has had a reputation as a technology hotspot since the 1950s. Hall of Fame caliber technology firms from IBM to Cisco Systems to Red Hat have made “The Triangle” their home over the years, solidifying the region’s high-tech reputation and helping attract new generations of entrepreneurs and technologists.
Recently we learned of big news from one of the members of this new generation. Cognitect, which provides engineering and software development talent and technology to clients in industries ranging from health and science to fintech, announced that it has agreed to be acquired by long-time client Nubank, a financial institution based in Brazil.
Cognitect founder and President Stuart Halloway called the company’s relationship with Nubank “a spectacular success story” for its two signature offerings: Clojure – Cognitect’s general purpose programming language – and Datomic – the company’s transactional database. Nubank currently has 600 Clojure developers, running 2.5 million lines of Clojure code in 500 microservices on 2000+ Datomic servers. “Cognitect has been there every step of the way, helping Nubank’s developers translate Clojure’s ideas into business agility,” Halloway wrote at the company’s blog.
The acquisition, according to Halloway, will pave the way for bigger teams for both Clojure and Datomic – technologies Finovate fans were first introduced to via our FinDEVr developers conference in 2016. In that presentation – and in the company’s return to the FinDEVr stage the following year – the Durham, North Carolina-based company demonstrated how its solutions enable companies to have more control over and insight into their data – including the ability to conduct analytics on real-time information without hindering performance.
Nubank’s relationship with Cognitect in general and Clojure and Datomic in specific stems from the Brazilian neobank’s decision to use those technologies to provide a data infrastructure for its microservices platform. The result, for Nubank’s customers, has been greater clarity and complete history on transactions, as well as insight into the origins of suspicious cyber incidents or problems with data.
“Because we use Clojure and Datomic, we’ve built a tool that has already moved beyond what many of our competitors do, and our speed of innovation – new features, continuous deploys – increases with every passing day,” Nubank CTO and cofounder Edward Wible said in a statement. Founded in 2013, Sao Paulo-based Nubank is Latin America’s largest fintech with more than 20 million customers. Cognitect is the firm’s second acquisition of the year, having purchased software engineering company Plataformatec in January.
Going forward, Cognitect will benefit from the continued leadership in its Clojure and Datomic teams, and the company itself will remain a U.S. C corporation. Datomic customers will continue to receive professional services from Cognitect, though the company expects to transition away from general consulting development. Customers also will likely get the next Datomic feature “a bit sooner” Halloway added, pledging to users that “the resources behind (their) software are greater than ever before.”
The investment will help the company to continue its international expansion – including the addition of new hires in the APAC region, the U.S., and in Australia. The company also plans to use the funding to fuel development of new products and functionalities, including a new payments solution.
“The prospect of transitioning to cloud native technology is now at the forefront of every major bank’s roadmap,” ThoughtMachine CEO Paul Taylor said. “Plans have been hastened in the wake of regulatory pressure, economic uncertainty, and the need to manage cost-income ratios.”
Thought Machine’s signature offering, Vault, is a modern, cloud-native core banking system designed for financial institutions burdened with legacy technology. Demonstrated at the company’s Finovate debut at FinovateEurope in 2018, Vault provides a secure, fast, and reliable end-to-end banking system that manages users, accounts, savings, loans, mortgages, smart contracts, and other financial products and services. By leveraging APIs and a microservice architecture, Vault is able to provide financial institutions with all the functionality necessary for bank operations. Currently geared toward retail and small business banking, the company plans to add both commercial banking and private wealth services “in the future.”
Named to the Tech Nation Future Fifty in March, and joining the Mastercard Start Path Programme in May, Thought Machine announced in June that its Vault platform was compatible with all major cloud infrastructure providers including Google Cloud Platform, Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, and IBM Cloud. Founded in 2014 and headquartered in London, Thought Machine includes Atom Bank and Lloyds Banking Group among its partners.
To steal a line from Rob Base and DJ EZ Rock, when it comes to innovation in fintech, it takes two to make a thing go right. Whether the “thing” is an end-to-end digital transformation or creating the technology infrastructure to enable firms to build and market their own innovations, collaboration and partnership with fintechs increasingly seems to be the path that the most forward-looking banks and other financial institutions are pursuing.
With this in mind, here’s a look at some of the more interesting recent partnership announcements over the past month – with an eye toward what these collaborations might be saying about the near-term future of fintech.
DBS Bank: Headquartered in Singapore. Total assets of $420 billion (SGD 579 billion) in 2019. Largest bank in Southeast Asia. Operates in 18 markets around the world.
Objective: Faster “more cost efficient” financing for the 68,000+ SMEs on Infor’s Nexus network.
Royal Bank of Canada (RBC): Headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Has 17 million clients in Canada, the U.S., and 34 other countries. Total assets of $1.2 trillion (1.49 trillion CAD) as of 2019.
Objective: The new build will allow the bank to develop “transformative intelligent applications” and to bring those solutions to market faster.
Orange: Telecommunications corporation headquartered in Paris, France. Fourth largest telecom in Europe and one of the ten largest in the world with 26 million customers. Total assets of $124 billion (€106 billion) and revenues of $49 billion (€42 billion) as of 2019.
Objective: Partnership will bring savings and micro credit services to underserved customers in Cote d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Senegal.
Lloyds Banking Group Headquartered in London, U.K., Lloyds is the country’s largest digital bank with 16.9 million active customers online and 11.5 million on mobile. Founded in 1765, the bank currently has total assets of more than $1 billion (£833 billion).
Partner: Form3
Project: Along with partners Google Cloud and Microsoft, Form3 will help the U.K.-based bank “investigate and develop” a cloud-payments-as-a-service platform.
Objective: The collaboration, which also includes a minority equity stake in Form3, will simplify Lloyd’s payment capabilities and support enhanced data and new overlay services.
Banca Ifis: Specialty commercial and corporate banking firm for SMEs headquartered in Venice, Italy. The firm has more than 130,000 retail clients in the country, and online funding and deposits totaling more than $4.7 billion (€4 billion).
Objective: Raisin’s customers in Germany will gain access to deposit solutions available from Banca Ifis. The collaboration will enable German customers to take advantage of relatively higher interest rates available in Italy.
Other fintech/financial institution partnerships of note this month:
Alternative bank Revolut announced late last week that TSG Consumer Partners is the latest investor to join its Series D round. The $80 million investment from the VC firm takes the London, U.K.-based company’s total for the current round to $580 million. Revolut noted that its estimated $5.5 billion valuation in February remains the same.
Company founder and CEO Nikolay Storonsky told Silicon Republic that the additional funding was an instance of TSG Consumer Partners making an offer the company could not refuse. He said that Revolut was not seeking additional funding when the opportunity from TSG developed. “TSG approached us with an exciting proposition to work together,” Storonsky said, adding that the VC firm’s track record of working with “some of the most successful and innovative consumer companies in recent years” was a major plus for the partnership. TSG Consumer Partners has funded companies like BrewDog, Smashbox Cosmetics, and Vitamin Water.
With more than 12 million customers around the world, Revolut offers consumers a variety of banking and personal financial services including a digital bank account with PFM tools, P2P payments, and interbank exchange rate currency exchange. The accounts also come with a prepaid debit card, early payday for direct deposit customers, and stock trading tools.
A report earlier this year from PwC highlighted the “changing competitive landscape” for fintech and banking in Nigeria. For those looking to learn more about both the growing impact of technology in financial services in one of the major countries in Africa, as well as the challenge created by COVID-19, PwC’s review provides an comprehensive overview.
The report also concludes with nine recommendations the analysts believe would encourage continued growth in Nigeria’s fintech ecosystem. These recommendations range from making it easier to invest in fintech companies to encouraging partnerships and “strengthen(ing) the synergy between banks and FinTech players” in a mutually beneficial way.
Financial inclusion is a huge part of both the challenge of – and the opportunity for – fintech in Nigeria. The report notes that more than 30 million adult Nigerians do not have or use either formal or informal financial services products or solutions. This represents more than a third of the country’s adult population. And while the report points out that mobile money operators have been among the businesses to help bring more financial services to the underbanked, there are some fintechs that have taken up the cause of financial inclusion, as well. A trio of these companies are highlighted below:
Bankly is a cash digitization and savings platform that caters to Nigeria’s unbanked. The company provides a digital wallet that is secure, convenient, and accessible, and all users require in order to open an account is a phone number. Bankly leverages more than 2,000 agents across 29 of the country’s 36 states to scale the company’s offering.
In operation for just over a year, Bankly has already picked up recognition from the 2019 Innovating Justice Awards sponsored by the Hague Institute for the Innovation of Law. The company has also participated in the GreenHouse Capital accelerator program. Tomilola Adejana (CEO) and Fredrick Adams are co-founders.
Covr Branchless offers banks, insurance companies, and government agencies a suite of applications that enable them to leverage cloud, GPS, and mobile channels to conduct a wide variety of financial processes. Account opening, instant debit card linking, cash withdrawals, fund transfer, billpay, KYC validation and loan origination are among the operations enabled by Covr’s technology.
Covr is owned by Advancio Interactive, a Nigerian technology company focused on sustainable financial access that was founded by Olufisayo Oludare (Managing Director). Covr won Advancio first place at the Startup Istanbul Challenge in the fall of 2017, only the second Africa-based startup to do so.
FairMoney is a online micro lender that provides instant loans from N1,500 to N500,000 (approximately $4 to $1,300), with average loans of about N12,000 ($33-$35). Using the company’s Android mobile app, prospective borrowers apply for financing by answering a few questions and providing some basic financial information. The app analyzes this information – as well as the borrowers geolocation and other factors – to make a loan offer in a matter of minutes.
But what makes the company especially interesting is the fact that it is working to launch a challenger bank. FairMoney raised $11 million in Series A funding last fall for this purpose and plans to expand its offerings to include current and savings accounts.
Here is our weekly look at fintech around the world.
Central and Southern Asia
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) encourages government to incentivize the use of QR code transactions and promotes the adoption of open, interoperable standards.
Amazon to offer car and motorcycle insurance in India courtesy of partnership with Acko General Insurance.
National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) facilitates recurring payments with its new UPI AutoPay feature.
Latin America and the Caribbean
Brazil’s Central Bank reverses course to authorize payments system involving WhatsApp.
Payscout teams up with Brazilian fintech Rede Celer to grow its payments business in the country.
Partnership between FacePhi and Naranja X will help bring biometric recognition technology to digital onboarding processes for firms in Argentina.
Asia-Pacific
Finovate: Ant Group’s Double IPO Listing Shuns U.S. Exchanges.
Trulioobrings its GlobalGateway identity verification technology to customers in Vietnam.
Crowdfund Insider takes a look at the impact of COVID-19 on fintech lending platforms in Indonesia.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Telco Orange and bancassurance company NSIA team up to launch Orange Bank Africa to serve underbanked communities in Abidjan and Cote d’Ivoire.
Vodacom partners with Ant Financial Services Group to bring Alipay services to South Africa.
Uganda-based digital cross-border money transfer startup Eversend raises $1 million via an oversubscribed Seeders crowdfunding campaign.
Central and Eastern Europe
Germany’s Scalable Capitallands $460 million valuation with new $58 million funding round.
Russian bank Tinkoffunveils new functionalities for its financial and lifestyle services voice assistant Oleg.
EstateGuru, a P2P lending platform based in Estonia, launches a new payment service in partnership with Lemonway.
Middle East and Northern Africa
Oman’s BankDhofar extends partnership with Diebold Nixdorf to improve the customer experience of its ATM network. Bank Nizwa, also based in Oman, announced an extension of its digital payments partnership with Mastercard.
Turkey-based online payments platform Mobilexpress secures $2 million in Series A funding.
Spotii, an e-commerce technology provider based in the UAE, unveils new deferred payment option.
Palo Alto, California-based insurtech Hippo Enterprises has locked in $150 million in new financing and earned a valuation of $1.5 billion. The Series E round featured participation from new investors Dragoneer and Ribbit Capital as well as existing investors Felicis Ventures and Iconiq Capital.
This week’s investment takes the company’s total capital to $359 million.
Hippo will use the funds to expand in the U.S., and to help cover the costs of its acquisition of Spinnaker Insurance, which the company bought last month. According to reporting in BuiltinAustin, Hippo’s expansion plans include building a “new, 310-person campus in Austin.” Company Chief Insurance Officer Rick McCathron credited both the city’s “strong insurance presence” and central time zone positioning as enhancements to Hippo’s ability to serve customers across the U.S.
The funding comes amid a flurry of activity in the insurtech space. On the acquisition front, insurtech company Assurance IO was purchased by Prudential Financial in a deal valued at $2.35 billion. We also learned this week that technology titan Amazon is entering the insurtech business in India. And earlier this month, one of the more widely known insurtechs, Lemonade, went public, earning a $3 billion market cap on its first day of trading.
Hippo, led by CEO Assaf Wand, is planning an IPO of its own as well. Wand said that the terms of the offering had been determined before Lemonade’s IPO, but the onset of the global health crisis forestalled the company’s plans.
Founded in 2015, Hippo currently offers home insurance in 29 states in the U.S. including California, Texas, Illinois, and New Jersey. The company leverages automation to enhance the process of applying for and getting an insurance quote in less than 60 seconds. Hippo also uses machine learning and smart home devices to enable customers to stay updated on liability issues. The enabling technologies also provide consumers with preventative maintenance tips that will help them resolve small issues with their homes before they become major insurance claims.
Small business cash flow solution provider Kabbageunveiled its Kabbage Checking offering today. The new business checking account is designed to give smaller businesses the “capabilities, convenience, and security” of traditional business accounts, while sparing them “monthly fees or friction.”
The accounts charge no opening or maintenance fees, and do not require minimum or daily balances. At present, Kabbage Checking offers 1.10% APY, which is paid out monthly. The company states this is among the highest interest rates available for a business checking account.
Kabbage Checking accounts come with a Kabbage Debit Mastercard, support electronic billpay, and provide access to free ATM access via a 19,000-ATM national network. Account holders also can create up to five e-wallets to help manage spending and savings. The new accounts can be used with other Kabbage solutions such as Kabbage Insights for daily cash flow analyses and forecasts, Kabbage Payments to accelerate settlements and avoid cash flow shortfalls, and Kabbage Funding, which helps account holders avoid accidental overdrafts. Additional features, including wire transfers and mobile remote deposit, are expected to be added later in the year. The accounts are issued by Green Dot Bank, and are insured up to $250,000.
“We believe in the businesses too often left out, overlooked and underestimated,” Kabbage President Kathryn Petralia said. “Kabbage Checking is a new banking service built to give those small businesses an upper hand to earn more, save more, and grow their business faster without sacrificing anything they expect from a bank.”
Kabbage has been one of the more active fintechs in terms of helping small businesses during the current COVID-19 pandemic. The company approved +209,000 small businesses for $5.8 billion as part of the Paycheck Protection Program, making Kabbage the third largest PPP lender in the U.S. by application volume. This feat, according to Kabbage CEO Rob Frohwein, was a large step for the company, and perhaps an even greater one for fintech writ large.
“The PPP validated the criticality of FinTech,” he said in a statement earlier this month. “Most of the small businesses we reached would have been ignored had this crisis taken place just 10 years ago. These businesses can only be served in mass by an automated platform that places need in front of privilege and levels the playing field that has too long been unequal in our financial system.” He added that fintechs increasingly will be the solution provider of choice, as more small businesses migrate toward these newer companies instead traditional banks “when seeking even the most basic financial services.”
It’s been five years since eBay and PayPal split into separate companies – which means the five-year operating agreement that maintained the firms’ payments relationship in the years since the breakup is about to run out.
This week eBay announced that it is now ready to expand the managed payment system that will take PayPal’s place. Developed in partnership with payments provider Adyen, the new payment system is being used by 42,000 sellers – with more than 255,000 additional merchants who the company said will be activated by the end of the year. eBay has processed more than $4.7 billion in volume in the U.S. and Germany via its managed payments offering, and the company reported that sellers using managed payments have saved $17 million in transaction fees. eBay President and CEO Jamie Iannone praised the momentum behind managed payments, and said he expects it to “deliver $2 billion in revenue and $500 million of operating income in 2022.”
eBay is currently managing payments in five countries – the U.S., Canada, Germany, Australia, and the U.K. – and plans to expand the program to all countries where it operates.
For buyers, eBay’s managed payments provides a more flexible checkout experience with more payment options. Sellers benefit from a simplified process – involving one company (eBay) rather than two (eBay + PayPal) – that provides for easier reconciliation, faster service, and more effective support when issues arise. The company quoted one 20-year veteran eBay merchant from Germany who has been using managed payments since the spring. “I don’t care how the payment goes,” she said, “the main thing is that the customer buys and pays and my account fills up.”
VP of Global Payments Alyssa Cutright added that the offering was a win for both buyers and sellers that provides a simpler, more modern managed marketplace. “By managing payments, eBay is taking control of its own destiny,” Cutright wrote. “We are investing in our buyers and sellers, creating an integrated end-to-end platform, and enhancing the eBay experience by breaking down and removing complexities for our customers.”
Adyen, eBay’s payments partner, is based in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and was founded in 2006. Companies ranging from Facebook and Uber to Microsoft and Singapore Airlines rely on Adyen’s technology to deliver seamless, friction-free payments across mobile, online, and in-person channels. The company, which processed $278 billion (€240 billion) in volume last year, is publicly traded on the Euronext and has a market capitalization of $47 billion.
There may still be a few weeks of summer left, but high-growth vertical payments innovator Flywire is already in back-to-school mode. The company announced today that it has enhanced its digital payment platform to make it easier for educational institutions and student recruitment agents to manage student data and track payments.
“Education agents play a very important role in the relationship between schools and their international students,” Flywire EVP of Education Sharon Butler explained. “Their ability to represent educational institutions locally can make a big difference in how a school is viewed by prospective students.” Butler added that the new enhancements will “streamline the international student recruitment process” and improve the way that agents are able to engage with students and institutions.
A worldwide payment provider for students and educational institutions, Flywire helps schools offer their students a secure and convenient payment process that accelerates the flow of funds, makes reconciliation simpler, and keeps operating costs low. The enhancements to Flywire’s platform will make recruitment agents’ jobs easier by centralizing student data and providing transparency over the payments process. Educational institutions will benefit from this payment transparency and tracking, as well, and are able to use the technology to build custom payment plans to give students more flexibility.
Flywire also announced today that it has forged a strategic partnership with China’s international education industry association, BOSSA. A non-profit, government-supported organization, the Beijing Overseas Study Service Association will get expanded access to Flywire’s cross-border services for Chinese students studying abroad. The partnership leverages Flywire’s extensive experience working with education recruitment agents in China; BOSSA has 300 such member agents who are responsible for recruiting and advising more than 60% of all Chinese students studying overseas each year.
“Flywire offers state-of-the-art technology and services for cross-border payments,” BOSSA spokesperson Jon Santangelo said. “We are pleased to endorse them to Chinese education agencies, and China’s wider international education sector as a whole. The level of integrity they’ve achieved in the higher education field is a big differentiator to Chinese agencies.”
Founded in 2009 as peerTransfer, Flywire has raised more than $263 million in funding from investors including Goldman Sachs, Temasek Holdings, and Bain Capital Ventures. Mike Massaro is CEO.
The round was led by Coatue, and featured participation from both Goldman Sachs and Mastercard. Canaan, B Capital, XYZ Ventures, and angel investors including former Morgan Stanley CEO John Mack were also involved in the round.
“The ongoing global pandemic and renewed focus on societal inequities make Bond’s mission of driving financial innovation and inclusion more important now than ever before,” Bond CEO and co-founder Roy Ng said in a statement. “Opportunity starts with access. We look to lead the industry in enabling banks and innovators across industries to level the playing field for consumers and small business.”
Bond offers banks a suite of developer-focused APIs and SDKs that remove friction from many of the critical processes involved in bank-brand partnerships, such as onboarding, technical integration, and product monitoring. Bond’s AI-enabled technology centralizes and streamlines these processes, and uses automation to provide oversight and ensure compliance.
“Today, more than ever, speed to market with a proven, reliable product is a competitive advantage,” explained Sherri Haymond, EVP, Digital Partnerships, Mastercard. “Bond provides an entirely new approach to help its fintech and bank partners deliver for the end user. We look forward to working with them as they move to this next stage.”
In a blog post discussing the announcement, Ng articulated the challenge facing smaller regional banks and community lenders when they try to forge partnerships with technology companies. He blamed a wide variety of factors – from compliance to operational constraints – for making it difficult for these partnerships to even “get off the ground.” This, Ng said, is where Bond comes in. “Rather than have every app and every bank recreate the wheel for each new partnership, Bond now does the hard work in the middle so banks and brands can each concentrate on what they do best,” he said.
